Journal of the American Medical Association. "School Vaccination Wars: The Rise of Anti-Science in the American Anti-Vaccination Societies". Vaccination in America: Medical Science and Children’s Welfare. State of Immunity: The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination in the United States. Prepared and Issued by the Propaganda Department of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Proceedings of the National Wholesale Druggists Association 56: 83. ^ a b c d e f "Guide to the Charles M.Horrors of Vaccination Exposed and Illustrated (1920).Unalienable Rights and Prohibition Wrongs (1919).The Crime Against the School Child (1915).The League dissolved after the death of Higgins in 1929. Higgins was criticized by medical experts for spreading misinformation and ignoring facts as to the efficacy of vaccination. Historian James Colgrove noted that Higgins "attempted to overturn the New York State's law mandating vaccination of students in public schools." The League should not be confused with the Anti-Vaccination Society of America, that was formed in 1879. Higgins was the League's chief spokesman and pamphleteer.
Members were opposed to compulsory vaccination laws. Its anti-vaccination campaigns focused on New York and Pennsylvania. The League was created in 1908 by Higgins and industrialist Higgins was the co-founder and treasurer of the Anti-Vaccination League of America. He opposed vaccination and was also an anti-vivisectionist. He was a founding member of the Kings County Historical Society. Produced a range of popular inks including India, indelible, and laundry ink, later expanding into adhesive manufacture originally based in Brooklyn the. Higgins married Alexandra Fransioli in 1899 and they had three children. Higgins Company to manufacture the drawing ink he invented. Higgins was the inventor of Higgins American India Ink. Higgins was born in County Leitrim, Ireland. Charles Michael Higgins (Octo– October 21, 1929) was an Irish-American ink manufacturer and anti-vaccinationist.
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